The models were produced by makers who include Daimler, Volkswagen, Fiat, Jaguar and Renault.
The biggest loss-maker according to Bernstein Research was the smallest car, the Smart ForTwo, which cost Daimler an estimated €3.35bn over its lifetime.
Next on the notorious list is Fiat's Stilo (€2.10bn), followed by the VW Phaeton (€1.99bn), the Peugeot 1007 (€1.9bn), Mercedes-Benz A-Class (€1.71bn), Bugatti's Veyron (€1.70bn), Jaguar X-Type (€1.7bn), Renault Laguna (€1.54bn), Audi's A2 (€1.33bn), and Renault's Vel Satis (€1.20bn).
Bernstein Research developed the list by looking at the cars' production runs, estimated fixed-cost investments and R&D costs. Their results were published in Automotive News Europe.
